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In 1995 the People's Republic of China passed a controversial Eugenics Law, which, after a torrent of international criticism, was euphemistically renamed the Maternal and Infant Health Law. Aimed at "the implementation of premarital medical checkups" to ensure that neither partner has any hereditary, venereal, reproductive, or mental disorders, the ordinance implies that those deemed "unsuitable for reproduction" should undergo sterilization or abortion or remain celibate in order to prevent "inferior births." Using this recent statute as a springboard, Frank Dik�tter explores the contexts and history of eugenics in both Communist China and Taiwan. Dik�tter shows how beginning in Late Imperial China, Western eugenics was imported and combined with existing fears of cultural, racial, or biological degeneration in Chinese society, leading to government regulation of sexual reproduction.
Imperfect Conceptions is a revealing look at the cultural history of medical explanations of birth defects that demonstrates how Chinese assumptions about the relationship of the individual to society form the very core of their attitudes toward procreation. Dik�tter explains the patrilineal model of descent, where a person is viewed as the culmination of his or her ancestors and is held responsible for the health of all future generations. By this logic, a pregnant woman's behavior and attitude directly influence the well-being of her baby, and a deformed or retarded child reflects a moral failing on the part of the parents. Dik�tter also shows how the holistic medicine practiced in China blurs any distinction between individual and environment so that people are held responsible for illness.
Drawing on cultural, social, economic, and political approaches, Dik�tter goes beyond a simple authoritarian model to provide a more complex view of eugenic policy, showing how a variety of voices including those of popular journalists, social reformers, medical writers, sex educators, university professors, and politicians all disseminate information that supports rather than questions the state's program.
Imperfect Conceptions reveals how Chinese cultural currents―fear and fascination with the deviant and the urge to draw clear boundaries between the normal and the abnormal―have combined with medical discourse to form a program of eugenics that is viewed with alarm by the rest of the world.
- Sales Rank: #2545119 in Books
- Published on: 1998-11-15
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.85" h x .73" w x 5.73" l, .80 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 288 pages
Review
generally on the mark...valuable contributions
(Gary Sigley Asian Studies Review)
About the Author
Frank Dik�tter is a lecturer in history at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He is the author of The Discourse of Race in Modern China and Sex, Culture and Modernity in Modern China.
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Good book!
By Peter Huston
I wish I had time to reread this book and write a better review. Please consider this more of a vote as the other reviews don't resonate with my experiences. I read this book in 2008 and was quite impressed. Although as it ages, it becomes more dated and more of a snapshot of when it was written than of today's situation, I recommend it highly. I've read a few books by Dikotter, found them valuable and wish I had time to read the rest.
13 of 23 people found the following review helpful.
A look at China's eugenics.
By Matt Nuenke http://eugenics.home.att.net
This short but fascinating book looks at eugenic programs in China, both past and present. China, with its one-child policy is in the perfect position to start a genetic war with other nations to breed a superior race. That is, the state has already taken control of all reproductive rights, and with the recent eugenics laws past in 1995 for the collective improvement of the quality of the 'yellow race', they could be destined to surpass other nations in the quality of their people --- that is the average intelligence in China will surpass all other races except the Jewish race (with and average IQ of 117 due to their own form of eugenics practiced over the last 2000 years as part of the Jewish religion).
Few voices in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) question eugenic practices. Historically they have always understood the need for racial hygiene, and more so than in the West they shun deformations or inferior offspring. And with a centralized government, with its support of its eugenic programs, the few voices who believe in the sanctity of life over the betterment of the race can be suppressed, not unlike the reverse in the United States where concerns for dysgenic trends by the underclass are ignored or suppressed. In the United States, we propagandize and redistribute wealth to the underclass under the pseudoscientific claims of radical environmentalism as promoted by Gould et al. and now proclaimed by President Clinton. "Anyone can rise to be anything they want to be with enough will and determination!" Bunk! Nations rise and fall on their genetic quality, typically their average intelligence.
The Chinese firmly believe that there will be biological competition between the 'white race' and the 'yellow race' and they are moving forward to win. They want to develop the 'model race' and in fact are in a unique position to win. They already control reproduction; all they have to do is continue to suppress the births of low intelligent/genetically defective couples while encouraging multiple births by 'gifted couples.' They can discourage some marriages, use forced sterilizations, while providing incentives to others. They have complete freedom to promote and national eugenics program without criticism from the press or independent voices if they so choose.
Even minor defects like harelip are aborted. In a country with poor medical care, the costs to correct the condition are greater than the worth of the child. It is more cost effective to just have another child. Euthanasia and infanticide are openly discussed condoned from strong voices in the government for the benefit of the nation. The health of the race supercedes any moral questions with regards to 'zero worth' individuals.
This book goes a long way in showing that eugenics as viewed in the West is radically different than in Asia. With a more collectivist perspective, individuals are willing to make sacrifices now for the benefit of the nation later -- that is an investment in the genetic capital of the people. We are getting a peak at the future eugenic wars that will be an integral part of competition between nations in the decades to come. Will the West join third world status as Asian nations actively embrace eugenic programs?
4 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Bias shown in translation
By xiaoyan zhang
The author is generally right in tracing the influence of western eugenics in China. Like everything else, the 20th century China is very much shaped by the West in all areas. However, the author, and most western authors I assume, have a built-in bias against the non-western world. One small example of misleading translation that could have serious impact on western readers. On page 160 in the middle, the author describes a Chinese effort at preventing births of deformed children, Jixing"er(''''')and renders that as Monsters. The author is an expert on China and has written many books. I assume his Chinese is good. Yet, this translation mistake is not forgivable for a China scholar. It portrays scholars in China as inhuman and in such a negative light that it could be even intentional. The connotation of monsters is self-explanatory in English. This is not what the Chinese professors meant at all. The term, Jixing'er is still used today in China, and in the world, and as far as I can tell will be used for the foreseeable future. In a country with overpopulation, the efforts to reduce defective births may not fit the worldview of contemporary western academics, but they will sure very much welcomed by both the families and government in China. It is amazing that such a renowned publisher, Columbia University Press, could let it happen. Frank Dikotter, if he is a serious scholar, owes the academic world and his readers a serious apology for distorting truth, something of an almost academic crime, contrary to the spirit of objective scholarship. Imperfect Conceptions
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